Nitrifikation


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Unter Nitrifikation versteht man den natürlichen Stickstoffabbau und die Umwandlung von Ammoniak/Ammonium zu Nitrat.
Die Nitrifikation erfolgt durch zwei extrem stark spezialisierte Bakterienarten (Nitrosomonas und Nitrobacter) und ist eine Reaktion von aeroben Bakterien (Nitrifikanten) mit sehr hohem Sauerstoffbedarf, welche externen Sauerstoff zum veratmen benötigen.
Für den Zellaufbau nutzen diese zwei Bakterien keinen organischen Kohlenstoff, sondern das Kohlendioxid CO2. Die zum Wachstum notwendige Energie wird aus der Oxidation des Ammoniums über Nitrit zu Nitrat bezogen.
Die Nitratbildung läuft schneller ab als die Nitritbildung, so dass Nitrit meist nur in geringer Konzentration vorliegt. An erhöhten Nitritkonzentration lässt sich eine Beeinträchtigung der Nitrifikation erkennen.
1. Schritt
Die Ammoniumoxidierer (Nitrosomonas) wandeln durch bakterielle Oxidation Ammonium zum Nitrit um.
2. Schritt
Die Nitritoxidierer (Nitrobacter) oxidieren das entstandene Nitrit weiter zum Endprodukt Nitrat. Ammonium und Nitrit wirken als Elektronenspender.
Eine schnelle Umwandlung der Nitritsalze durch Bakterien ist deshalb lebensnotwendig, da Ammoniak und Nitrit für höhere Organismen giftig wirkt. Das heisst in unserem Fall, dass Fische trotz genügend „freiem Sauerstoff“ im Wasser ersticken können, da Nitrit den sauerstofftransportierenden Proteinen in den roten Blutkörperchen (Hämoglobin) den Sauerstoff entzieht!
Bisher wurde noch kein Bakterium identifiziert, das Ammonium direkt bis hin zum Nitrat oxidieren könnte; vielmehr sind an der Oxidation zwei Arten beteiligt:

  • Die Ammoniumoxidierer (Nitrosomonas) wandeln Ammonium durch biochemische Oxidation (pH-Wert abhängig) über diverse Zwischenprodukte zu Nitrit um.
  • Die Nitritoxidierer (Nitrobacter) oxidieren das entstandene Nitrit weiter zum Endprodukt Nitrat. Ammonium und Nitrit wirken hierbei als Elektronendonatoren.

 

Der in zwei Stufen untergliederte Nitrifikationsprozess, kann folgendermaßenbeschrieben werden:

1. Stufe: Oxidation des Ammoniums zu Nitrit.
Dazu muss zuerst die Umwandlung des Ammonium-Ions über die vom Enzym Ammoniummonooxigenase (AMO) katalysierte Reaktion zum Hydroxylamin erfolgen. Im Anschluss daran wird das gebildete Hydroxylamin durch die Hydroxylaminoxidoreduktase (HAO) in das Endprodukt der ersten Stufe, das Nitrit, umgebaut.

Diese beiden Reaktionsschritte führen Bakterien aus, die allgemein als Ammoniumoxidanten bezeichnet werden. Der bekannteste Vertreter dieser Gruppe ist Nitrosomonas.

2. Stufe: Oxidation des Nitrits zu Nitrat.
In der zweiten Stufe erfolgt dann die Umwandlung des entstandenen Nitritstickstoffs in seine höhere Oxidationsstufe, dem Nitrat. Repräsentativer Mikroorganismus dieses Schritts ist Nitrobacter.

Beide Schritte zusammen werden als Nitrifikation bezeichnet. Dabei nutzen die beteiligten Mikroorganismen die Ausgangsverbindungen Ammonium bzw. Nitrit zur Veratmung mit Sauerstoff.

Die Lebensweise der beteiligten Mikroorganismen wird als Chemolitotrophie bezeichnet. Der oben beschriebene Sachverhalt führt zu Problemen in natürlichen Gewässern, die mit großen Mengen an Stickstoff belastet werden. Durch die Oxidation von Ammonium zu Nitrat wird zum einen der Sauerstoffgehalt im Wasser verändert. Hierbei werden 4,5 mg Sauerstoff pro1 mg Ammonium-Stickstoff verbraucht. Dies kann durch Sauerstoffdefizit, so wie die Umwandlung von Ammonium zu Ammoniak, zum Fischsterben beitragen.

Als Beispiel: Nitrat-Konzentrationen von über 10 mg/L Trinkwasser können bei Säuglingen zu erheblichen gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen führen. Dies beruht weniger auf der Primärtoxizität des Nitrates, sondern auf der möglichen Reduktion zu Nitrit durch die im Körper ansässigen Bakterien.

Die technische Nitrifikation ist unter anderem abhängig von:

  • Temperatur: Ist die Temperatur kleiner als 5°C findet keine Nitrifikation statt, das Optimum liegt zwischen 30-36°C nach anderen Angaben bei 28-36°C. Die Nitrifikation wird bei Temperaturen unter 12°C verlangsamt und unter 8°C eingestellt.
  • gelöster Sauerstoff >=2 mg/l
  • pH-Wert, Pufferkapazität: starke Abhängigkeit, optimaler Bereich 7,5-8,3
  • organische Belastung
  • relevante Substratkonzentrationen (Ammonium, Nitrit)
  • Spurenstoffversorgung
  • eventuell Hemmstoffe
  • Kontaktzeit zwischen nitrifizierender Biomasse und Wasser

Die Wassertechnischen Probleme der mikrobiellen Ammoniumoxidation (Nitrifikation) sind im wesentlichen auf die biologischen Eigenheiten der nitrifizierenden Bakterien zurückzuführen. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Tatsache, dass diese Organismen im Vergleich zu denen heterotroph Bakterien nur eine überaus geringe Vermehrungsrate haben. Die Generationszeit der heterotrophen Bakterien liegt bei ca. 2 Stunden, die der Nitrifikanten bei ca. 12 Stunden. In diesen Fällen steht den Nitrifikanten im Wasserkörper nicht genug Zeit zur Verfügung, um sich zu einer hinreichend leistungsfähigen nitrifizierenden Bakterienpopulation zu entwickeln. Infolge der laufenden Ausspülung der Nitrifikanten stellt sich im biologischen Reaktionsraum ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Vermehrung und Ausschwemmung auf einem so niedrigen Niveau ein, dass die relativ wenigen im Abwasser flottierenden Nitrifikanten nur geringfügig zu Stickstoffoxidation beitragen können. Unter diesen Bedingungen hängt die Nitrifikationsleistung überwiegend von den am Boden fest sitzenden Nitrifikanten ab. Die Immobilisation von Nitrifikanten auf Festkörpern wird u.a. auch in Biofiltern als auch Hochleistungsreaktoren zurStickstoffelimination ausgenutzt. Für die Stickstoffelimination ist neben der Nitrifikation der weitere Schritt Denitrifikation notwendig.