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Normalerweise und zum grössten Teil entsteht die Karbonathärte oder auch Wasserhärte genannt, unter Auflösung von Kalk (CaCO3), beziehungsweise Dolomit (Ca-Mg-Mischcarbonat), durch Kohlensäure unter Bildung löslicher Hydrogencarbonate (HCO3−).
Die Kohlensäure welche durch Kohlendioxid eingewaschen wird, stammt vorwiegend aus der Veratmung der Mikroorganismen im Boden (aerobe Bakterien), wo vor allem der mikrobielle Abbau organischer Substanzen erhöhte CO2-Konzentrationen liefert.
Die Wasserhärte entsteht beim Durchtritt von Wasser durch Böden und/oder Grundwasserleiter (Aquifere). Deshalb hängt es stark vom geologischen Untergrund ab, welche und wie viel Härtebildner in Lösung gehen können. Dem entspricht die geografische Verteilung der Wasserhärte.
Magnesium- und Calciumionen können am einfachsten durch den Lösungsvorgang in das Wasser gelangen, etwa durch Auflösungen von Gips (CaSO4 × 2 H2O), da Wasser das Lösungsmittel schlechthin ist.